![]() This is a question that has no right or wrong answer due to the fact that each one is unique. If you drill a pilot hole in advance, it will avoid having uneven basketball hoop holes on your baseboard or floor. Make your own hoop with materials you’ve found around your home, or buy one that has already been made. Before construction can begin, the bottom of the hole must be flat. The hole must reach a depth of at least 48 inches and be at least 16 inches wide. If your post requires constant stability, a 24-inch-wide and 24-inch-deep hole is ideal.īasketball Hoop – How Deep A Hole Is? Before you can begin, you must first obtain a permit from your local government. Once you’ve cleared the debris, take a post hole digger and dig a hole – the edge of the hole should be no more than 6 inches away from your playing surface. How Deep Should The Cement Be For A Basketball Hoop? Whether you need to select the appropriate equipment or schedule professional white glove installation services, our experts are here to assist you. The installation of your hoop by a professional will make it easier to enjoy it. The enjoyment of playing basketball in your yard should be more important than frustration. The work may be completed with equipment other than an auger or backhoe, which may require the rental of equipment. It is not easy to dig a large enough hole for a basketball hoop post on your own. ![]() The installation process is much easier if you use a professional. Go to your neighborhood and get ready to play. After you’ve painted the lines, remove the tape. The rim and net should be attached to the backboard in the sixth step. It is likely that the post will weigh a heavy load and will require a few people to lift it into place. It is necessary to assemble and raise the pole with the help of a mounting anchor. If your basketball hoop is just a pole, you can skip ahead to the backboard assembly if it is simply a pole in cement. To locate the pole for the hoop, dig a hole about the size of your fingernail. The first step in installing a basketball hoop pole is to choose the proper location. This step-by-step guide walks you through the process of installing a basketball hoop in your garden. ![]() The 72 inch backboard is standard size for basketball courts, making it the ideal size for proper practice. A bad backboard can overwhelm your driveway, and it appears out of place or out of place in a small driveway. Depending on the type of basketball hoop, the size of the backboard can have an effect on how far the ball travels. A basketball hoop is a large investment, and it must be decided on by the seller. Those that provide installation and customer support are the best sellers. The best playing conditions are provided by ground systems, which are more stable and professional. That’s it! You are now ready to start shooting some hoops.īasketball hoops come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Allow the concrete to dry for 24 hours before using the hoop. Use concrete to fill in the hole around the base of the hoop. Once the hole is dug, you can place the silverback in ground basketball hoop into it. Next, you will need to excavate a hole that is two feet wide and four feet deep. This will be the location of the basketball hoop. Begin by finding a level spot in your yard. Here are a few tips to help you get started. They are relatively easy to install and can provide hours of fun for the whole family. A silverback in ground basketball hoop is a great addition to any home.
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![]() ![]() Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "American single certifications – T-Pain – Bartender".5 on September 22, 2007, making it T-Pains fourth consecutive top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as Akons ninth top 10 hit on the same chart. The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on the issue date of Jat No. Lets find some podcasts to follow Well keep you updated on new episodes. Recording Industry Association of America. 'Bartender' is a song by T-Pain, released as the second single from his second album, Epiphany. Akon (Lyrics)Subscribe and press () to stay updated with our new uploads Thumbs Up if you like this video For Inquiries: cont. Create your first playlist Its easy, well help you. ^ "British single certifications – T-Pain ft Akon – Bartender". ![]() ^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 2007".^ "T-Pain Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)".^ "T-Pain Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)".^ "T-Pain Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)"."I Love U" - a song by The Chainsmokers from the album So Far So Good which contains interpolations of this song. There are remixes featuring The-Dream, Chingy and Trae. 'Bartender' is an R&B/hip-hop song by T-Pain, Co-written by Ali Noordin and the official second single from his second album, Epiphany. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Akon HQ AUDIODownload HQ: UPLOAD SOON DUE TO PRIVACY ERRORWatch FULL HD Lyrics Video. * Sales figures based on certification alone. On December 6, 2005, his debut studio album Rappa Ternt Sanga debuted at number 33 on the US Billboard 200. The video was filmed in the Fever Nightclub - Atlanta, Georgia. The discography of T-Pain, an American rapper and singer, consists of seven studio albums, one compilation album, one soundtrack album, one instrumental album, seven mixtapes, 21 singles and nineteen music videos. BET's Access Granted also premiered the video on June 13, 2007. It features T-Pain dancing in front of a bar and flirting with the "Bartender". The video, directed by Erik White, premiered on Yahoo! Music on June 13, 2007, as the Bonus Video. In 2008, the song was nominated for a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group. Chorus I like the bartender (Ooh, if you're lookin' for me) I'm at the bar with her (Uh huh, okay) I like the bartender (Yeah, if you're lookin' for me) I'm at the bar with her (Ooh, uh huh, okay) Got a brand new girl, so I'm feeling all good inside (all good inside) Feel like I put some brand new twenty-fours on a brand new ride (on a brand. 5 on September 22, 2007, making it T-Pain's fourth consecutive top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as Akon's ninth top 10 hit on the same chart. You can even download MP3 songs for offline listening." Bartender" is a song by T-Pain, released as the second single from his second album, Epiphany. ![]() Songs are the best way to live the moments or reminisce the memories and thus we at Wynk strive to enhance your listening experience by providing you with high-quality MP3 songs & lyrics to express your passion or to sing it out loud. With Wynk Music, you will not only enjoy your favourite MP3 songs online, but you will also have access to our hottest playlists such as English Songs, Hindi Songs, Malayalam Songs, Punjabi Songs, Tamil Songs, Telugu Songs. Wynk Music brings to you Bartender MP3 song from the movie/album Happy Hour: The Greatest Hits. Akon, Mark "exit" Goodchild, Fabian Marasciullo, Douglas Sadler, Luis Tovar, Brian "big Bass" Gardner The report notes Apple said “new” versions of Logic Pro 9 and MainStage 2 (components of Logic Pro) would be coming to the Mac App Store, although it’s unclear what that means for Logic Express (essentially a light version of Logic Pro 9), and Soundtrack Pro. Apple also updated Aperture in the Mac App Store to version 3.2.2., which mainly fixes an issue with “auto-imported Photo Stream images”.Īpple has officially informed retailers they’ll be moving distribution of their Logic Pro and Logic Express digital audio workstations to a download-only, Mac App Store model ( via MacRumors):Īpple today issued a notice to resellers announcing that it has discontinued the boxed versions of its Logic Studio and Logic Express audio software packages effectively immediately, also announcing that the Logic Pro 9 and MainStage 2 components will be moving to the Mac App Store for distribution. ![]() To accompany the release the of the new Mac App Store versions, Logic Pro was also updated to version 9.1.6 today. Otherwise the app, at first glance, appears to be largely unchanged. However, for commenters pointing out the many GBs of additional content bundled with the soon to be discontinued $499 Logic Studio, Apple is making 19GB of additional content available via in-app downloads. ![]() Weighing in at 413 MB, Logic Pro 9 requires 3.6GB of disk space and still comes with all the built-in plug-ins and sounds. Update: Apple has now released Logic Pro 9 ($199) and MainStage 2 ($29) in the Mac App Store. ![]() In general, it's a problem with most of the emulations. ![]() Korg has an official MS20 Vst, which has been around for almost 20 years.īut it sounds miles worse that this new Arturia emulation. Korg has an official MS20 Vst, which has been around for almost 20 said: When in Black Friday, I will be able to get the entire collection for 300.Īt the end, I will also install the SQ80 V and this new Korg MS-20, which are both great emulations, without a better counterpart of other developers.īut for me it's far from the great deal that is for people that plan to use every single device said:īut for me it's far from the great deal that is for people that plan to use every single device included. So the trap of this collection is that if I buy on a sale the three individual synths that I want, let's say at 75 euros the piece, I will pay 225. The other alternative on desktop, XILS 3, it's also far from the exactitude of iVCS 3 But it's cool to have something that can be easily added in the workflow of Bitwig, without routing the audio between my Mac and my iPad. I'm mostly interested in the Buchla Easel, the VCS 3 and in this Yamaha CS-80.Īnd the VCS 3 has a much more accurate emulation in iOS, with the iVCS 3 app. This can be finally called a CS-80 emulation.Īnd now think that most of the old synthesizers included in the collection, sound as bad as the prior CS-80 version. The update of the CS-80 shows why I'm still reluctant, deciding if getting this.Ĭompare how it sounded prior to the update, something that suggested the sounds of the CS-80, but that it was far of being considered an accurate representation of the sound.Īnd listen to the new engine. I'm getting FM sound design right now so DX7v is serving it's purpose really well. I’m going to try and save some £s to update to v9 when Black Friday comes around though - by then I’m sure GAS will be hard to resist. I’m going to try and save some £s to update to v9 when Black Friday comes around though - by then I’m sure GAS will be hard to said: I haven’t even properly explored many of the v8 synths yet. ![]() The existing Prophet 5 warms up nicely when run through those fx too… I’m sure the new one is going to be much better - the new Roland synths from v8 do stand out - but I’m happy enough for now. I’ll use my iPad in IDAM mode to scratch my MS20 itch - the Korg iMS20 sounds pretty great put through my outboard EQ or one of the many ‘analogue’ colouring fx plug ins I have. I think it’s a good update but will wait as I don’t want to spend that kind of cash at the moment plus I am still far from bored with v8! It should be $149 if you have V8 and SQ-80. The Upgrade price for me is $199 as I have v8. Upgrade price should be $50 less given I bought a few things from them last year and have v8 already. Only refreshes and I got SQ80 last year, which is great btw, but still not enough to get me to upgrade right away this time. ![]() The DATE() function implicitly converts the string '' to a date data type, extracting the date part and discarding the time portion (if any). MySQL can perform implicit conversions between date formats and strings using the DATE() function. Here, we first use STR_TO_DATE() to convert the string ' 08-01-2023' to a date, assuming the format is ' MM-DD-YYYY.' Then, DATE_FORMAT() is used to convert the date back to the desired format ' YYYY-MM-DD.' Method 3: Using DATE() Function with Implicit Conversion We can combine this with the STR_TO_DATE() function to achieve the desired conversion. The DATE_FORMAT() function allows us to convert a date or a string into a specific format. In this example, the format string ' %Y-%m-%d' is used to indicate that the input string should be interpreted as a date in the format " YYYY-MM-DD." The function successfully converts the string ' ' to a date data type. SELECT STR_TO_DATE('', '%Y-%m-%d') AS converted_date The function takes two arguments: the input string and the format string. MySQL provides the STR_TO_DATE() function to convert a string to a date format based on a specified format string. In this blog, we will explore multiple methods to convert strings to dates in MySQL. Converting strings to dates is crucial when dealing with date data stored as strings or importing data from external sources. In this blog, we have explored several methods to convert strings to DateTime in MySQL including using functions like STR_TO_DATE(), DATE_FORMAT(), CAST(), CONVERT(), UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), and even regular expressions with substring extraction.Working with dates is a common task in database management, and MySQL provides powerful functions to handle date conversions. ![]() We use the SUBSTRING() function to extract substrings from input_date and then concatenate them in the desired DateTime format. In this query, we assume that input_date is the column containing the custom date format. SELECT CONCAT(SUBSTRING(input_date, 7, 4), '-', SUBSTRING(input_date, 1, 2), '-', SUBSTRING(input_date, 4, 2)) AS converted_date If you have a custom date format, you can extract substrings and rearrange them to match the DateTime format. Method 5: Using Regular Expressions and Substring In this query, the UNIX_TIMESTAMP() function converts the input string ' 12:30:45' to a Unix timestamp, which is then converted to a DateTime using the FROM_UNIXTIME() function. SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(' 12:30:45')) AS converted_date UNIX_TIMESTAMP() can be employed to convert Unix timestamps to DateTime. In the above queries, the CAST() and CONVERT() functions directly convert the input string '' to a DateTime format. SELECT CONVERT('', DATETIME) AS converted_date SELECT CAST('' AS DATETIME) AS converted_date Method 3: Using CAST() or CONVERT()Īnother way to convert strings to DateTime is by utilizing the CAST() or CONVERT() functions. Then, we format the DateTime value using the %Y-%m-%d pattern. Here, we first convert the input string '' to a DateTime using the specified format %m/%d/%Y. STR_TO_DATE() converts the string to a DateTime, and DATE_FORMAT() is then used to format the DateTime value as needed. This method involves using both the STR_TO_DATE() and DATE_FORMAT() functions. Method 2: Using DATE_FORMAT() with STR_TO_DATE() The STR_TO_DATE() function parses the input string accordingly and returns a DateTime value. In the above query, the %Y-%m-%d format specifier indicates that the input string follows the year-month-day pattern. Here's an example: SELECT STR_TO_DATE('', '%Y-%m-%d') AS converted_date It allows us to specify the format of the input string and the desired DateTime format. The STR_TO_DATE() function in MySQL is a powerful tool for converting strings to DateTime. Method 1: Using the STR_TO_DATE() Function In this blog, we will explore multiple ways to convert string to datetime in MySQL. providing step-by-step explanations and code examples for each method. ![]() Made this? Let us know what you think in the comments below. We like it with mashed potatoes, which mix deliciously with the gravy. What to serve with sauerbraten? Sauerbraten is traditionally served with potato pancakes (like latkes) or spaetzle, but feel free to serve it with any type of potato side dish. We love Anna’s Ginger Thins for this recipe, but feel free to use whatever brand you like. It might sound odd, but the gingersnaps add a delightful spicy sweetness that beautifully balances the richness of the beef, creating an absolutely irresistible gravy. How are we making the gravy? Traditionally, the gravy that accompanies sauerbraten is made by straining the braising liquid and then reducing and thickening it with crushed Lebkuchen, or gingersnap cookies. If you can’t find either of these, feel free to substitute for top round or chuck roast. What cut of meat are we using? The traditional cut of meat is beef bottom round or rump roast. Spices vary depending on the particular recipe (and from which region of Germany that specific recipe originates), so we’ve chosen some of the most classic and common seasonings: juniper berries, whole cloves, bay leaves, and black peppercorns. What’s in the marinade? The marinade for sauerbraten is typically a combination of red wine and red wine vinegar, offset with a little water or beef broth. Looking for more slow-cooked dinners? Check out these braised lamb shanks. Read on for more information about this classic pot roast. ![]() Then you can spend your Saturday or Sunday afternoon filling your house with the delicious smell of braised beef and serve up a fantastic dinner with minimal effort. Our advice? Start marinating it mid-week so it’s ready to be cooked on the weekend. While it requires advance planning, sauerbraten is simple to prepare and requires very minimal effort. It’s then braised until tender, sliced, and served with a gravy made from the reduced braising liquid. Now famous for being the national dish of Germany, this “sour roast” usually consists of a large cut of beef, which is marinated for several days in a combination of red wine, vinegar, and spices. Sauerbraten can be served with mashed potatoes, spätzle or kartoffelpuffer (potato pancakes).Sauerbraten is a sweet and sour pot roast with origins that date back to the 9th century. Taste it and add more salt and pepper if required. Add a couple of teaspoons of the reserved biscuit crumbs - they should thicken up the sauce. Bring to the boil, reduce to a simmer, put a lid on the pan and cook until the beef is tender. Return the meat to the pan along with any juice that may have seeped out. Add the bayleaf, Worcester sauce, cider vinegar and some salt and pepper. Add the stock and then transfer the pan contents to a big saucepan. Add more oil and whn it's hot put the onion in and cook for about 5 minutes until slightly brown. You'll probably want to wash out the pan now because it will have burnt biscuit crumbs in it. Remove the beef and set aside on a warmed plate. You may need to do this in batches depending on the size of your beef slices and frying pan. Add the beef and cook for 2-3 minutes each side. Heat a generous amount of oil in a large frying pan on medium heat. Peel the onion, halve it, and thinly slice it. Take about half of the crumbs and press them into the beef on both sides. Tenderize the meat by bashing it with a rolling pin or meat mallet. Smash them into crumbs with a rolling pin or meat mallet. This easy American version doesn't marinade the meat but uses vinegar and crushed ginger nut biscuits to give the sweet-sour flavour.īreak up the ginger biscuits into a zip-lock bag. ![]() Traditional German sauerbraten is made from a beef joint marinaded for 3-10 days in spiced red wine or vinegar. ![]() Also available is the heavy-duty 7 foot tripod on which the clock can be hung. You can also store up to 8 programs for easy recall “on the fly”. In INTERVAL TIMER MODE the timer can program a desired work period followed by a rest period and the number of times you repeat the exercise. CK-6 Digital Day Counter Clock : 0. CK-5000 Large Event Countdown Wall Clock : 1.75 inch Display shows DAYS, Hours, Minutes, & Seconds. CK-4000 Large Stopwatch Timer : 2.3 Inch Display: Minutes, Seconds, & Hundredths of Seconds. In STOPWATCH MODE the clock times with minutes-seconds-hundredth of seconds. Sensory Timers - Sensory Timers and Relaxing Timers. CK-350 Large Digital Count Up Timer : 2.3 Inch LED Display, Six Digits. It is a must for accurately tracking progress. The timer is our coach, our motivator, and the ruler by which we are measured. Measuring capacity: 23:5959.99 Measuring modes: Elapsed time split time 1st-2nd place times Led Light, Yes Auto Calendar. Racing against the clock adds an intensity that feels like head to head competition. There is just something about turning on a timer that motivates beyond belief. The timer is the heart of every training or academic exercise. Use it to price for any services charged on a time basis and there are countless uses for the clock in all manner of industries and enterprises. Churches can use this clock to keep track of sermons etc, Lecturers can pace their lecture. Teachers in the classroom will be able to conduct tests and the remote gives full control to the teacher from anywhere in the class. It’s a must in this environment and it can all be done remotely with the high powered remote control. (Count-Down) for Kids Stopwatch (Count-Up) with Blue LED Light & Beeps Notification Large Easy-Push Button Mute & Lock Functions Blue. All participants will be able to see time elapsing on the countdown clock or counting up on the stopwatch. Marathon Adanac 3000 Digital Stopwatch Timer with Extra Large Display and Buttons, Water Resistant. ![]() ![]() Every Physical Education Trainer/ Teacher/Lecturer needs this clock. In physical education where drills and routines are timed or in school classes where tests are given or where speeches are given or in hundreds of other applications and as a stand- alone high accuracy clock with hours minutes and seconds. Note: This project Digital Clock is without RTC Module, You have to adjust time when Arduino Nano loses power. Do connections according to Circuit Diagram. Get an ||logic:if then|| block from Logic and put it in the ||input:on button pressed||.This incredible clock is essential equipment in any environment where timing is necessary. Place LCD display, LEDs and Push Buttons on Breadboard.In Input, find an ||input:on button pressed|| an put it somewhere on the workspace.The time count of seconds will increase by 10 each time the button is pressed. Stopwatch Block Diagram P1.0 to P1.6 control the number displayed by setting the voltage high to light the LEDs. Figure 1 shows the stopwatch block diagram. DISPLAYS MINUTES: SECONDS: HUNDREDTHS OF SECONDS. The LEDs and the buttons are connected to the MSP430FR2000 using digital I/O pins. The CK-4000 LED Big Stopwatch Timer is Desk, Shelf, or Wall Mounted. We’ll use button A to add 10 seconds to our time count. stopwatch, and the other is to reset the timer. We’ll use one button for adding 10 seconds and another button for adding just 1 second. We’ll use the buttons to set the amount of time by adding both 10 seconds and single seconds. Switch Digital LED kitchen timer for cooking study stopwatch alarm clock electronic clock countdown time. There has to be a way to set the time on your watch. Let seconds = 0 Set the time with buttons Digital Timer, Large Led 99 Minutes Visual Timer, Countdown Timer Stopwatch for Kids, Classroom Timer, Magnetic Timer for Teacher School, Battery Powered Cooking Timer (White) 4.2 out of 5 stars 29 9.99 9. Place the variable into the ||basic:on start|| block. Drag out a ||variables:set to|| block and change the name with the dropdown to seconds. Ok, in Variables click on Make a Variable.Go into Basic in the toolbox and pull an ||basic:on start|| on to the workspace.We need a variable to keep track of how many seconds are left on the watch. Duration: ~10 minutes Make the time variable Let’s make a countdown timer and see the seconds tick by on your micro:bit watch. ![]() No pre-heating, no mess, no guilt The Air Fry circulates hot air at high. Smart Wi-Fi Enabled True Convection InstaView Gas Range with Air Fry BLACK STAINLESS STEEL Fort Pierce, Vero Beach. Finally, your personal shopper will explain our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service, and help you place an order if you so desire.Ģ009 - 2023 Metro Appliances & More | Kitchen & Home Appliance Stores All Rights Reserved. Cook many crispy dishes in one oven with LGs built-in large-capacity air fryer. There is no charge for the help of this personal shopper for any American with a disability. Please call our disability services phone line at (918) 622-7692 during regular business hours and one of our kind and friendly personal shoppers will help you navigate through our website, help conduct advanced searches, help you choose the item you are looking for with the specifications you are seeking, read you the specifications of any item and consult with you about the products themselves. /rebates/welcomeurlhttps3a2f2fwww.lg.com2fus2fcooking-appliances2flg-lrgl5823s-gas-range-with-air-fryer&. Learn how to use the air fry mode on your LG RangeFor next steps, check out these useful links:Help Library Support. Taking a page from LGs wildly popular InstaView refrigerator, this range lets you check cooking progress without opening the door or reaching over a hot. cooks for a large party with ease and expands your options - you can Steam Sous Vide tender proteins or Air Fry appetizers for the crowd. Get a Gas Range with more Cooking Options. Flush installation, a sleek handle and a new 7' LCD interface elevate your look while upping your game in the kitchen. However, if you are an American with a disability we are here to help you. Create Your Best Kitchen with this LG Gas Range (LRGL5823S), Featuring a Built-In Air Fryer, Self Clean, Convection & Sleek Stainless Steel Finish. Double-Ovens: For the ultimate in convenience, choose a double-oven electric. And because our electric range comes with an air fryer built in, you can also make fries, hot wings or egg rolls without using oil. Welcome to our website! As we have the ability to list over one million items on our website (our selection changes all of the time), it is not feasible for a company our size to record and playback the descriptions on every item on our website. Convection Oven with Air Fryer: With convection cooking, get more even cooking and browning from meats and vegetables to baked goods. ThinQ® Technology with Proactive Customer Care ![]() Bake, Broil, Air Fry, Easy&Self Clean, Convection Bake, Convection Roast,Warm ![]() Once I turn it on, we can see the controls dedicated to adjusting the image, such as keystone correction and… Read More Place it on a flat surface and project onto the wall. I decided to try it in a room at home, and I closed the blinds to have as much darkness as possible and thus enjoy the projection. Keystone correction options, for quick screen adjustments, fine tuning and reset. Screen Mirroring via Airplayįeng Os operating system, Aptoide TV app storeīluetooth remote control and voice controlįocus wheel with a minimum effective focus distance of 1.2m Brightness 150 ANSI ImĬonnectivity, Bluetooth, Wifi 2.4G / 5G. With 1920 * 1080 resolution (4K compatible). On the back we can see power on/off, the charging port, and the hdmi, usb and 3.5 mm headphones ports.Īnd in the base we find 4 non-slip rubbers and a universal support for tripod. ![]() On the front the projection lens and a speaker We are now going to take a closer look at the projector, at the top we can see the focus wheel. Hello heyuppers, the heyup boxe projector has come into my hands and I wanted to share this review with everyone. The sound is acceptable, we can expect a lot from such… Read More Globally the projector is also pretty silent and does not warm too much. The connections are rich, the image is good and bright and the projector is very easy to carry. It is very rare to have such display performance for a projector of this size and of this price. Indeed it is a small and light projector, very easy to carry. The colours are nice, and the brightness is correct. Indeed, without a little tripod, it is very challenging to incline correctly the projector.Ĭoncerning the performance the display performance, the image is pretty good, and the quality if 1080p, which is very good for such a small projector. However, it is indispensable to the tripod that was unfortunately not provided for the test. you can easily readjust the size and the form of the projection. However, using Airplay is almost impossible, but I will explain that a bit later. You can easily connect it to a videogame console, a computer, a mac or even an iPad or an iPhone. The appearance is nice and pretty cute, but some would have preferred a little white or black projector that would have been more discreet and more suitable for various interior decorations. I took a bit of time to do it because I wanted to use it in different conditions before writing my review. ![]() At higher percentages, chromium makes steel highly resistant to many corrosive agents and environments. It was not until the early 1900s that the corrosion resistant-properties of steels containing percentages of chromium higher than 5 percent were noticed. Different amounts of carbon and the rate of cooling determine the final properties of steel.Īdding chromium to this mixture produces a harder steel by delaying the transformation that occurs as steel is cooled, and steels with 3 to 5 percent chromium were produced beginning in 1865. As steel cools it gains strength and rigidity, becoming stronger than iron. When this mixture is heated it reaches an extremely ductile stage and can be formed easily. But adding carbon to iron changes its microstructure and properties. Melting iron and pouring it into molds produces “cast iron” products that are brittle once they cool. ![]() Iron objects produced this way are only moderately hard, and they can bend in use. Iron, in its pure form, can be heated and then bent, hammered or “wrought” into many forms. Such mixtures of metals are called alloys. Steel is a mixture of iron with a small amount of carbon – around 1 percent. Beginning in the mid-1800s, iron manufacturers discovered that adding chromium to steel produced a harder, more useful metal. One of these areas was the metallurgical – metal manufacturing – industry. While chromium chemicals gained commercial importance rapidly in the pigment industries, chromium took longer to make an impression on other sectors. Kurtz left his mark on the world of color “Kurtz yellow” is still available in British color catalogues. This was perhaps the origin of the “yellow cab,” an idea exemplified today in New York City taxis. His chrome yellow achieved vogue status when the popular Princess Charlotte, daughter of British monarch George IV, had it used to paint her carriage. This did not give Kurtz a satisfactory profit, so he began producing other chrome compounds, specifically chrome pigments. Local manufacturers soon followed suit and competition drove the price down to 8 pence, about an eighth of the original price. In 1822 one of Vauquelin’s pupils, Andreas Kurtz, moved to England and began producing potassium bichromate and selling it to the English textile industry at 5 shillings a pound. Red and green pigments developed from chromium compounds were also used for printing wallpaper during this period. As early as 1820 the cotton and wool industries were using large amounts of chromium compounds such as potassium bichromate in the dyeing process. Chemically, the mordant binds with the dye and the fibers of the material, preventing bleeding and fading. To fix or stabilize the color, chemical agents called mordants were used. Often these dyes faded quickly if the dyed material was laundered. Before the advent of synthetic dyes, all dyes came from natural sources such as minerals and plants. The colorful chromium chemicals for which Vauquelin named chromium soon found practical application in the textile industry. This mineral was more plentiful than crocoite and the greater availability of chromium facilitated innovation and discovery in a wide range of industries. In 1799, a German chemist living in Paris found chromium in a dark, dull stone that would become to be called chromite. Others later discovered that the ruby also takes its red color from chromium. He found reds, bright yellows and deep greens and discovered that traces of chromium in a Peruvian emerald were responsible for its color. He named the element from the Greek word for color, “chroma,” because each chromium compound he produced was a brilliant color. The chromium element was isolated in 1797 by the French chemist Louis Nicholas Vauquelin. ![]() Chromite, the primary commercial ore, was not discovered until 1798. But the ore is too rare to be useful commercially. Artists also treasured fragments of crocoite for their beautiful, reddish orange color. A brilliant orange, the mineral was prized by early stone collectors for its four-sided crystals. Crocoite, also known as lead chromate, was discovered by a geologist in 1765 at the Beresof mine near Ekaterinburg, Siberia. The second, a mineral called crocoite, is unusual in appearance but extremely rare. The more common, called chromite, is a dark, dull stone that was easily overlooked. High amounts of chromium are found naturally in two minerals. Unlike other metals, chromium had no ancient or prehistoric uses. Hidden in Plain Sight Crocoite is unusual in appearance but rarely found.īeginning with the use of chrome plating in the art deco designs of the 1930s through its heyday in the cars, furniture and appliances of the 1950s and 1960s, chromium has been closely associated with the fast-paced modern world. |
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